Journal of Intensive Care Medicine

 

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Journal of Intensive Care Medicine, Vol. 22, No. 6, 319-347 (2007)
DOI: 10.1177/0885066607307506
© 2007 SAGE Publications

Reviews

Treatment of Acute Seizures and Status Epilepticus

Daniel J. Costello, MD, MRCPI

Epilepsy Service, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, djcostello{at}partners.org

Andrew J. Cole, MD, FRCP C

Epilepsy Service, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts

Overt status epilepticus and persistent obtundation after a witnessed clinical seizure are neurologic emergencies. Early recognition and intervention in the electroclinical syndrome of status epilepticus reduces morbidity, although treatment of the underlying etiology is also critical. This review outlines key concepts related to status epilepticus, delineates an approach to the early management of status epilepticus, and highlights novel but practical approaches in the evaluation and treatment of refractory status epilepticus, emphasizing the use of a treatment algorithm. This review is written from the perspective of the intensive care unit clinician, and the approach and opinions expressed stem from clinical experience and review of the current literature. Particular attention is given to an overall approach to the management of convulsive status epilepticus in adults and older children as well as exploring novel approaches and diagnostic tools that may prove useful in difficult-to-control status epilepticus.

Key Words: acute repetitive seizures • nonconvulsive status epilepticus • refractory status epilepticus • intensive care • infusion therapies • treatment algorithm • novel therapies


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